{"id":3315,"date":"2022-04-15T18:27:02","date_gmt":"2022-04-15T12:57:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315"},"modified":"2022-04-18T05:52:48","modified_gmt":"2022-04-18T00:22:48","slug":"tyba-sem-6-paper-6-determinants-of-politics-of-maharashtra-summary-april-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315","title":{"rendered":"TYBA-Sem-6-Paper-6-Determinants-of-Politics-of-Maharashtra-summary-April-2022"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f70d3a8ed09\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f70d3a8ed09\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Module_1_Political_Economy_of_Maharashtra_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3\" >Module 1 Political Economy of Maharashtra &#8211; \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Module_2_Political_Parties_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7\" >Module 2 Political Parties &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Module_3_Contemporary_issues_and_movements_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80\" >Module 3 Contemporary issues and movements &#8211; \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u091a\u0933\u0935\u0933\u0940<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Module_4_Civil_society_initiatives_and_alternative_models_of_development_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87\" >Module 4 Civil society initiatives and alternative models of development &#8211; \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902\u0938\u0947\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f (\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c) \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97\" >\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\" >\u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 &#8211; \u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0926\u093e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Narmada_diary_%E2%80%93_a_documentary_film_by_Anand_Patwardhan_%E2%80%93_Hindi\" >Narmada diary &#8211; a documentary film by Anand Patwardhan &#8211; Hindi<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE\" >\u0905\u0923\u094d\u0923\u093e \u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0947 &#8211; \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Swatantra_Party_%E2%80%93_C_Rajagopalachari\" >Swatantra Party &#8211; C. Rajagopalachari<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Indian_National_Congress_Organisation_%E2%80%93_O\" >Indian National Congress (Organisation &#8211; O)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Bombay_Chamber_of_Commerce\" >Bombay Chamber of Commerce<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Maharashtra_Chamber_of_Commerce\" >Maharashtra Chamber of Commerce<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Indian_Merchants_Chamber\" >Indian Merchants Chamber<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Vidarbha_Chamber_of_Commerce\" >Vidarbha Chamber of Commerce<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Maratha_Chamber_of_Commerce\" >Maratha Chamber of Commerce<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Avadi_session_of_Congress_1955\" >Avadi session of Congress, 1955<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Cooperative_Credit_Societies_Act_1904\" >Cooperative Credit Societies Act 1904<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#Pravaranagar_cooperative_sugar_factory\" >Pravaranagar cooperative sugar factory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE\" >\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E2%80%93_Indian_National_Congress_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE\" >\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 &#8211; Indian National Congress &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092d\u093e<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A4\" >\u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908\u0924<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3\" >\u0968\u096e \u0921\u093f\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096e\u096b \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u0923<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E2%80%93_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF\" >\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 &#8211; \u0967\u096f\u096f\u096f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" 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href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AC_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95\" >\u0936\u093f\u0935\u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0967\u096f\u096c\u096c &#8211; \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0921\u0940\u0915<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" 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href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\" >\u0967\u096f\u096d\u096e \u091a\u093e\u0915\u0923 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0926\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81\" >\u0967\u096f\u096d\u096f \u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0915 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ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\" >\u0967\u096f\u096e\u0967 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0916\u0942 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81\" >\u0967\u096f\u096e\u0969 \u0936\u0947\u0924\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0947 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class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4\" >\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%87\" >\u0917\u093e\u092f\u0940-\u092e\u094d\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e &#8211; \u0927\u0941\u0933\u0947<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE\" >\u091a\u093e\u0902\u0926\u0935\u0921\u091a\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0926\u094b\u0930\u0940 &#8211; \u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 &#8211; \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940. \u0936\u0930\u0926 \u091c\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 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href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB\" >\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0967\u096f\u096e\u096b<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE\" >\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0924\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4\" >\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u0920\u093e\u0923\u0947, \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0918\u0930 &#8211; \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0902\u0921\u0940\u0924<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AB\" >\u0968\u0966\u0967\u0967 \u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e &#8211; \u096f.\u0969\u096b %<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF\" >\u0920\u093e\u0923\u0947-\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0918\u0930\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80\" >\u092e\u093e\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e-\u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921 &#8211; \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930-\u0917\u0921\u091a\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0940<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E2%80%93_Civil_Society\" >\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c &#8211; Civil Society<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87\" >\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0910\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0941\u092a\u093e\u091a\u0947<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF\" >\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u0947 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u091c\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0930\u0941\u091c\u0935\u0923\u0947 \u0939\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3315\/#%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80\" >\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u092e\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0924\u0942\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0922\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u0940.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Module_1_Political_Economy_of_Maharashtra_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3\"><\/span><strong>Module 1<br>Political Economy of Maharashtra &#8211; \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Business and Politics &#8211; \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<br>Politics of Cooperatives &#8211; \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<br>Land issues: Urban and Rural &#8211; \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 &#8211; \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Module_2_Political_Parties_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7\"><\/span><strong>Module 2<br>Political Parties &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Indian National Congress (I), Nationalist Congress Party and Bharatiya Janata Party &#8211; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 (\u0906\u092f), \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<br>Republican Party of India, Peasants and Workers Party, Shiv Sena and Maharashtra Nav Nirman Sena &#8211; \u0930\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e, \u0936\u0947\u0924\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0936\u093f\u0935\u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e<br>Coalition Politics &#8211; \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0921\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Module_3_Contemporary_issues_and_movements_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80\"><\/span><strong>Module 3<br>Contemporary issues and movements &#8211; \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u091a\u0933\u0935\u0933\u0940<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tribal issues &#8211; \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<br>Farmers movements and agitations &#8211; \u0936\u0947\u0924\u0915\u0931\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0933\u0935\u0933\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Module_4_Civil_society_initiatives_and_alternative_models_of_development_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87\"><\/span><strong>Module 4<br>Civil society initiatives and alternative models of development &#8211; \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902\u0938\u0947\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f (\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c) \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Civil society &#8211; Concept and nature &#8211; \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c &#8211; \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0941\u092a<br>Movements for the right to information in Maharashtra &#8211; \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0933\u0935\u0933\u0940<br>Initiatives for protection of environment &#8211; \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97\"><\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/web.magellantv.com\/A_447_SILENT.jpg\" alt=\"The Insect Apocalypse and Pesticides: Has Rachel Carson's 'Silent Spring'  Arrived? - MagellanTV\"\/><figcaption>\u0968\u096d \u0938\u092a\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096c\u0968 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 &#8211; \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0920\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.  Silent Spring is an environmental science book. The book documents the adverse environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate use of pesticides. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting the industry&#8217;s marketing claims unquestioningly.<br><br>The book appeared in September 1962 and the outcry that followed its publication forced the banning of DDT and spurred revolutionary changes in the laws affecting our air, land, and water. Carson\u2019s book was instrumental in launching the environmental movement.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 &#8211; \u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0926\u093e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"521\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u092a\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930-1024x521.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u092a\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930-1024x521.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u092a\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u092a\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930-768x391.jpg 768w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u092a\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930.jpg 1439w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0926\u093e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 &#8211; \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u093e\u0924\u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0926\u093e \u0928\u0926\u0940\u0935\u0930\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Narmada_diary_%E2%80%93_a_documentary_film_by_Anand_Patwardhan_%E2%80%93_Hindi\"><\/span><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/96726495\" target=\"_blank\">Narmada diary &#8211; a documentary film by Anand Patwardhan<\/a> &#8211; Hindi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/3SWmMg1naEM\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u0905\u0923\u094d\u0923\u093e \u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0947 &#8211; \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/im.rediff.com\/news\/2011\/apr\/22anna1.jpg\" alt=\"How the Anna Hazare movement was born - Rediff.com News\"\/><figcaption>\u0905\u0923\u094d\u0923\u093e \u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0916\u0935\u0924 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.  <strong>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0905\u0939\u092e\u0926\u0928\u0917\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0939\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u0933\u0947\u0917\u0923\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Background<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2000, a sustained advocacy campaign by social activist&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.annahazare.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Anna Hazare<\/a>&nbsp;forced the Maharashtra Government to pass the Maharashtra Right to Information Act 2000. However, civil society groups were unhappy with the Act, criticising it for being too weak and demanding that it be replaced with better legislation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2001, the Government formed a committee comprising senior serving and retired bureaucrats, such as former Union Home Secretary Dr Madhav Godbole, eminent jurists and Shri Anna Hazare, to prepare a draft of a Freedom of Information Bill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before the Committee could release its draft Bill, the Maharashtra Government repealed the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrightsinitiative.org\/old\/programs\/ai\/rti\/india\/states\/maharastra\/rti_act_2000.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Maharashtra Right to Information Act 2000<\/a>&nbsp;and replaced it with the<a href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrightsinitiative.org\/old\/programs\/ai\/rti\/india\/states\/maharastra\/rti_ordinance_2002.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Right to Information Ordinance 2002<\/a>. The Ordinance was promulgated on 23 September 2002. However, the Ordinance lapsed on 23 January 2003 because, in accordance with Article 213(2) of the Constitution of India, an Ordinance must be converted into an Act within 6 weeks of the commencement of the next session of the Legislative Assembly following the enactment of an Ordinance. In this instance, the Maharashtra Government did not convert the Right to Information Ordinance in the winter session of the Legislative Assembly; hence it lapsed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Public pressure to enact a law on right to information continued. Consequently, in the budget session of the legislature in March 2003, the Maharashtra Government passed the Maharashtra Right to Information Act which it then sent to the President of India for assent. The Act stalled, as no action was taken for months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, on 1 August 2003, Anna Hazare wrote a&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.prajanet.org\/doc.asp?docid=newsroom.newsletters.2003.annahazare1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">letter to Mr L.K. Advani, the Deputy Prime Minister of India<\/a>&nbsp;requesting him to advise the Honourable President to give his assent to the Maharashtra Right to Information Act. Failing such action, Sri Hazare warned he would commence a fast unto death. No action was taken, and on 9 August 2003 Anna Hazare started his fast. Within one day, the Government responded. On 10 August 2003, the President of India gave his assent to the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geocities.com\/mahadhikar\/act.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Maharashtra Right to Information Act 2002<\/a>&nbsp;and on 11 August 2003 the Maharashtra Government notified the Act in the Government Gazette. The<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geocities.com\/mahadhikar\/rules.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Maharashtra Right to Information Rules<\/a>, which were initially prepared under the Maharashtra Right to Information Ordinance, are equally applicable to Maharashtra Right to Information Act 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Law<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In May 2005, the national&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrightsinitiative.org\/old\/programs\/ai\/rti\/india\/national\/rti_act_2005.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Right to Information Act 2005<\/a>&nbsp;was passed by Parliament. The RTI Act 2005 received Presidential assent on 15 June and came fully into force on 12 October 2005. (For more information on the passage of the Act and implementation at the national level, click&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrightsinitiative.org\/old\/programs\/ai\/rti\/india\/national.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>.) The RTI Act 2005 covers all Central, State and local government bodies and applies to the State of Maharashtra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The government has issued&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrightsinitiative.org\/old\/programs\/ai\/rti\/india\/states\/maharastra\/maharashtra_rti_rules_2005.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Right to Information Rules 2005<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Swatantra_Party_%E2%80%93_C_Rajagopalachari\"><\/span>Swatantra Party &#8211; C. Rajagopalachari<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.theprint.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Rajagopalachari.png?compress=true&amp;quality=80&amp;w=800&amp;dpr=1.0\" alt=\"File image of C. Rajagopalachari | Twitter\"\/><figcaption>\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0917\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0930\u0940 (\u0967\u096e\u096d\u096f \u0924\u0947 \u0967\u096f\u096d\u0968) &#8211; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0930\u0924\u094d\u0928 (\u0967\u096f\u096b\u096a) &#8211; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u0947\u0935 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930 \u091c\u0928\u0930\u0932 (\u0967\u096f\u096a\u096e-\u096b\u0966) &#8211; \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0923\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f, \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0933\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0942\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u0967\u096f\u096b\u0968-\u096b\u096a) \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 &#8211; \u0967\u096f\u096b\u096f \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.  \u091f\u093e\u091f\u093e-\u092c\u093f\u0930\u0932\u093e-\u0926\u093e\u0932\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0936\u0940 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940.  Conservative, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937, Licence-Permit raj \u0939\u093e \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e.  \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0933\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u093e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0923 \u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096d\u096a \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indian_National_Congress_Organisation_%E2%80%93_O\"><\/span>Indian National Congress (Organisation &#8211; O)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<strong>Indian National Congress (Organisation)<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>Congress (O)<\/strong>&nbsp;was a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_party\">political party<\/a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India\">India<\/a>&nbsp;formed when the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_National_Congress\">Congress party<\/a>&nbsp;split following the expulsion of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indira_Gandhi\">Indira Gandhi<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On 12 November 1969, the Prime Minister of India&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indira_Gandhi\">Indira Gandhi<\/a>&nbsp;was expelled from the Congress party for violating the party discipline. The party finally split with Indira Gandhi setting up a rival organization, which came to be known as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_National_Congress_(R)\">Congress (R)<\/a>. In the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/All_India_Congress_Committee\">All India Congress Committee<\/a>, 446 of its 705 members walked over to Indira&#8217;s side.&nbsp;The Indian National Congress (Organisation) was also occasionally informally referred to as the Syndicate and the Indira faction by &#8220;Indicate&#8221;.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K_Kamaraj\">K Kamaraj<\/a>&nbsp;and later&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morarji_Desai\">Morarji Desai<\/a>&nbsp;were the leaders of the INC(O).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>INC(O) led governments in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bihar\">Bihar<\/a>&nbsp;under&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhola_Paswan_Shastri\">Bhola Paswan Shastri<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karnataka\">Karnataka<\/a>&nbsp;under&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veerendra_Patil\">Veerendra Patil<\/a>, and in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gujarat\">Gujarat<\/a>&nbsp;under&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hitendra_K_Desai\">Hitendra K Desai<\/a>. It was also a part of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janata_Morcha\">Janata Morcha<\/a>&nbsp;that ruled Gujarat under&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Babubhai_J._Patel\">Babubhai J. Patel<\/a>&nbsp;from 1975\u20131976 during&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Emergency_(India)\">the emergency era<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The split can in some ways be seen as a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Left-wing_politics\">left-wing<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right-wing_politics\">right-wing<\/a>&nbsp;division. Indira wanted to use a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Populism\">populist<\/a>&nbsp;agenda in order to mobilize popular support for the party. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more right-wing agenda, and distrusted&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics\">Soviet<\/a>&nbsp;help.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1971_Indian_general_election\">1971 general election<\/a>, the INC(O) won about 10% of the vote and 16&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lok_Sabha\">Lok Sabha<\/a>&nbsp;seats, against 44% of the vote and 352 seats for Indira&#8217;s Congress. In March 1977, the party fought the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1977_Indian_general_election\">post-Emergency election<\/a>&nbsp;under the banner of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janata_Party\">Janata Party<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Janata Party alliance inflicted crushing defeat to Indira&#8217;s Congress Party. Nevertheless, the total vote share of Congress (O) in 1977 was almost halved from 1971 and they lost three seats.<sup>[<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\">citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>. Later the same year, INC(O) formally merged with the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal\">Bharatiya Lok Dal<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bharatiya_Jan_Sangh\">Bharatiya Jan Sangh<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socialist_Party_of_India\">Socialist Party of India<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swatantra_Party\">Swatantra Party<\/a>&nbsp;and others to form the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janata_Party\">Janata Party<\/a>. Congress (O)&#8217;s leader&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morarji_Desai\">Morarji Desai<\/a>&nbsp;served as the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India\">fourth<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_India\">Prime Minister of India<\/a>&nbsp;from 1977 to 1979 which was India&#8217;s first non-Congress government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bombay_Chamber_of_Commerce\"><\/span>Bombay Chamber of Commerce<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"312\" height=\"162\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-3.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-3.jpeg 312w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-3-300x156.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px\" \/><figcaption><br><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\"><strong>Established in 1836,<\/strong> the&nbsp;<em><strong>Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industry<\/strong><\/em><\/mark>&nbsp;is one of the oldest&nbsp;Chambers in the Country. Bombay Chamber has an illustrious history of 184 years. It is registered under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013 (Section 25 of The Companies Act, 1956) a non profit organisation. Chamber has played a significant role in the development of the city. It was largely responsible for the first railway built in India-The Bombay-Thana railway completed in 1853, has representation on the Port Trust, relentless advocacy postal system led to the passing of the India Postage Act of 1854 and standardization of weights and measures, until in 1932, set up machinery for arbitration of commercial disputes in 1880, Established customs of trade.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Maharashtra_Chamber_of_Commerce\"><\/span>Maharashtra Chamber of Commerce<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/walchand.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/new-founder.jpg\" alt=\"Walchandnagar Industries\"\/><figcaption><strong>Foundation In Pre-Independence Era<\/strong><br><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">Maharashtra Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture &#8211; MACCIA was established in the year 1927<\/mark><\/strong> by the great visionary Industrialist Late Seth Walchand Hirachand with the mission to unite &amp; organize the business class emerging in the pre-independent India.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indian_Merchants_Chamber\"><\/span>Indian Merchants Chamber<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.imcnet.org\/images\/imcbuilding.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">IMC &#8211; Indian Merchants Chamber or Chamber of Commerce and Industry has a rich legacy of over a century of existence. It was founded on September 07, 1907<\/mark><\/strong> by few Indian Merchants, who came together to establish a Swadeshi institution to fight for the rights of the swadeshi businesses. The Chamber exclusively served the interests of Indian business community and also took part in several key political movement pre-independence.&nbsp; In recognition of the Chamber\u2019s contribution to nation building, Mahatma Gandhi accepted honorary membership in 1931, the only Chamber which has this distinction. After independence, IMC has played a significant role in consolidating Indian business interests and making the Indian economy self-reliant.&nbsp; At its 100th year, a postal stamp was issued by the government of India recognizing the services of the Chamber.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vidarbha_Chamber_of_Commerce\"><\/span>Vidarbha Chamber of Commerce<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"96\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image.png 376w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-300x77.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><figcaption><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">Vidarbha Chamber of Commerce &amp; Industry was established as Berar Chamber of Commerce in the year 1933 during the British rule in India. <\/mark><\/strong>The intention was to create awareness of the prevailing British laws among traders of Akola and have them organized to compete and survive in trade. Vidarbha Kesari Late Shri Brijlalji Biyani and industrialists like Founder President Late Shri Gopaldasji Mohata late Shri Kisanlalji Goenka took the lead in getting industrialists businessmen to join hands and stand united to fight for their rights for free and fair trade under the oppressive British regime.<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vcciakola.org\/about-vidarbha-chamber-commerce-akola.php\"><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Maratha_Chamber_of_Commerce\"><\/span>Maratha Chamber of Commerce<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mcciapune.com\/static\/assets\/images\/logos\/logo-mccia-white.png\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\">MAHRATTA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRIES AND AGRICULTURE established in 1934. (spelling as per their <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mcciapune.com\/mcciaadmin\/about_us\/\" target=\"_blank\">website<\/a>.<br><\/mark><\/strong>The inception of MCCIA lay in recognising that Maharashtra&#8217;s progress depended on the growth of business and industry. To this end, visionaries like A.R. Bhat, W.G. Kale, Dhananjayrao Gadgil, N.C. Kelkar, J.S. Karandikar, Dhondumama Sathe, Rambhau Abyankar, Shreedharpant Apte and B.V. Gharpure came together and established the Mahratta Chamber of Commerce and Industries (MCCI) on 16th March, 1934.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Avadi_session_of_Congress_1955\"><\/span>Avadi session of Congress, 1955<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.theweek.in\/content\/dam\/week\/magazine\/theweek\/cover\/images\/2021\/8\/12\/76-avadi.jpg\" alt=\"76-avadi\"\/><figcaption>The 1955 Avadi Congress session set India on the path of a socialist society &#8211; The Week &#8211; https:\/\/www.theweek.in\/theweek\/cover\/2021\/08\/12\/the-1955-avadi-congress-session-set-india-on-the-path-of-a-socialist-society.html <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cooperative_Credit_Societies_Act_1904\"><\/span>Cooperative Credit Societies Act 1904<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u0933\u0935\u0933\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u092e\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0922\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0939\u0947.  \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0920\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0940 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940. &#8211; \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e &#8211; \u091c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0939\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u0901\u0915 &#8211; \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0901\u0915 &#8211; \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0901\u0915\u093e (Urban cooperative banks)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0916\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 &#8211; \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u0920\u0940 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e &#8211; \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u092e\u0926\u093e\u0930 &#8211; \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924 &#8211; \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u091a\u0947 \u0967\u0966\u0966 \u0906\u092e\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092f\u091a\u0947. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Brief History of Urban Cooperative Banks in India<\/strong><\/p><p>The term Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs), though not formally defined, refers to primary cooperative banks located in urban and semi-urban areas. These banks, till 1996, were allowed to lend money only for non-agricultural purposes. This distinction does not hold today. These banks were traditionally centred around communities, localities work place groups. They essentially lent to small borrowers and businesses. Today, their scope of operations has widened considerably.<\/p><p>The origins of the urban cooperative banking movement in India can be traced to the close of nineteenth century when, inspired by the success of the experiments related to the cooperative movement in Britain and the cooperative credit movement in Germany such societies were set up in India. Cooperative societies are based on the principles of cooperation, &#8211; mutual help, democratic decision making and open membership. Cooperatives represented a new and alternative approach to organisaton as against proprietary firms, partnership firms and joint stock companies which represent the dominant form of commercial organisation.<strong>The Beginnings<\/strong><\/p><p>The first known mutual aid society in India was probably the \ufffdAnyonya Sahakari Mandali\ufffd organised in the erstwhile princely State of Baroda in 1889 under the guidance of Vithal Laxman also known as Bhausaheb Kavthekar. Urban co-operative credit societies, in their formative phase came to be organised on a community basis to meet the consumption oriented credit needs of their members. Salary earners\ufffd societies inculcating habits of thrift and self help played a significant role in popularising the movement, especially amongst the middle class as well as organized labour.&nbsp;From its origins then to today, the thrust of UCBs, historically, has been to mobilise savings from the middle and low income urban groups and purvey credit to their members &#8211; many of which belonged to weaker sections.<\/p><p>The enactment of Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904, however, gave the real impetus to the movement. The first urban cooperative credit society was registered in Canjeevaram (Kanjivaram) in the erstwhile Madras province in October, 1904. Amongst the prominent credit societies were the Pioneer Urban in Bombay (November 11, 1905), the No.1 Military Accounts Mutual Help Co-operative Credit Society in Poona (January 9, 1906). Cosmos in Poona (January 18, 1906), Gokak Urban (February 15, 1906) and Belgaum Pioneer (February 23, 1906) in the Belgaum district, the Kanakavli-Math Co-operative Credit Society and the Varavade Weavers\ufffd Urban Credit Society (March 13, 1906) in the South Ratnagiri (now Sindhudurg) district. The most prominent amongst the early credit societies was the Bombay Urban Co-operative Credit Society, sponsored by Vithaldas Thackersey and Lallubhai Samaldas established on January 23, 1906..<\/p><p>The Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904 was amended in 1912, with a view to broad basing it to enable organisation of non-credit societies. The Maclagan Committee of 1915 was appointed to review their performance and suggest measures for strengthening them. The committee observed that such institutions were eminently suited to cater to the needs of the lower and middle income strata of society and would inculcate the principles of banking amongst the middle classes. The committee also felt that the urban cooperative credit movement was more viable than agricultural credit societies. The recommendations of the Committee went a long way in establishing the urban cooperative credit movement in its own right.<\/p><p>In the present day context, it is of interest to recall that during the banking crisis of 1913-14, when no fewer than 57 joint stock banks collapsed, there was a there was a flight of deposits from joint stock banks to cooperative urban banks. Maclagan Committee chronicled this event thus:<\/p><p>\ufffdAs a matter of fact, the crisis had a contrary effect, and in most provinces, there was a movement to withdraw deposits from non-cooperatives and place them in cooperative institutions, the distinction between two classes of security being well appreciated and a preference being given to the latter owing partly to the local character and publicity of cooperative institutions but mainly, we think, to the connection of Government with Cooperative movement\ufffd.<\/p><cite>https:\/\/www.rbi.org.in\/commonman\/English\/History\/Scripts\/Fun_urban.aspx<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pravaranagar_cooperative_sugar_factory\"><\/span>Pravaranagar cooperative sugar factory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Sahkari Sakhar Karkhana Limited holds the distinction of being the first cooperative sugar mill in Asia. The concept of a sugar factory owned and operated by sugarcane growing farmers was unthinkable. A pioneer made it happen in 1950!<\/p><cite>https:\/\/pravara.in\/trusts\/co-op-sugar-factory\/<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/enggnagar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Untitled.jpg\" alt=\"Inspiration | Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil College of Engineering\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E2%80%93_Indian_National_Congress_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 &#8211; Indian National Congress &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092d\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0968\u096e \u0921\u093f\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0967\u096e\u096e\u096b &#8211; \u0905\u0945\u0932\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u0928\u0921\u0947 &#8211; \u091f\u093f\u0933\u0915 &#8211; \u0926\u093e\u0926\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 &#8211; \u092b\u093f\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0936\u0939\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0947 &#8211; \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0922\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 &#8211; <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inc.in\/brief-history-of-congress\" target=\"_blank\">\u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0908\u091f \u0935\u0930\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0940<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A4\"><\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908\u0924<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>All images and videos related to the Congress party &#8211; courtesy &#8211; <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inc.in\/\" target=\"_blank\">Indian National Congress website  <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/dkplc2mbj\/image\/upload\/v1600173756\/1_96d58a84f6.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/2022\/04\/17\/former-pm-rajiv-gandhis-speech-at-congress-centenary-celebrations-28-dec-1985\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0968\u096e \u0921\u093f\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096e\u096b \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u0923<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Indira Gandhi Interview 1971\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nRAfs_LPFI4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>\u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0933\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0916\u0924<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/dkplc2mbj\/image\/upload\/v1600079396\/127_966527e204.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>31 July 1971<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E2%80%93_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF\"><\/span><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ncp.org.in\/en\/home\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 &#8211; \u0967\u096f\u096f\u096f<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0915\u0938\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0936\u0930\u0926 \u092a\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0933 ? | Sharad Pawar&#039;s tenure as Chief Minister? |\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QXPpZbES-rM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/2021\/07\/07\/elections-and-political-parties-in-maharashtra\/#Political_Parties\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Some notes about political parties<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/other-states\/maharashtras-11-term-mla-and-former-minister-ganpatrao-deshmukh-dead\/article35645883.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Peasants and Workers Party veteran represented Sangola in Solapur district in the state legislative assembly for 11 terms since 1962 across multiple terms and served as an MLA for 54 years.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E2%80%93_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87\"><\/span><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/mnsblueprint.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u092e\u0928\u0938\u0947<\/a> &#8211; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 &#8211; \u0967\u0969 \u0906\u092e\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0968\u0966\u0966\u096f \u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0938\u092d\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0921\u0923\u0941\u0915\u0940\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"194\" height=\"129\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3426\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"129\" height=\"129\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-4.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3428\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"194\" height=\"129\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3429\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AC_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95\"><\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0935\u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0967\u096f\u096c\u096c &#8211; \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0921\u0940\u0915<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"51 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0921\u0942\u0928 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0935\u0938\u0947\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 ? | First MLA of Shiv Sena #shivsena\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xGVHP-u-DH0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u0930\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e &#8211; \u0969 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u092c\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096b\u096d \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0936\u0947\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u0947\u0921\u0947\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 RPI \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/85MW_rA4KOU\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/CMT13BlNqxKddC4iP2L1T_yINln0aoOWIEDwu9DnEDYPxoi0v_rZgZB2Hjt5WVYDqGMHa7qcIMTKLfIgXYyDY21FA03PlCr_WjsSdRS4sKoEdBGYNwlSp-QoEh-vaJTkRl8UtUqXQ743D6qA\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>\u090f\u0928. \u0938\u093f\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c &#8211; RPI \u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0967\u096f\u096e\u0966<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092d\u093e\u091c\u092a\u093e - \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FqckhWKCoDw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>\u092d\u093e\u091c\u092a\u093e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7\"><\/span>\u0936\u0947\u0924\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peasants_and_Workers_Party_of_India\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u0967\u096f\u096a\u096e<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.indiavotes.com\/party\/ac_info\/375\/177\/30\" target=\"_blank\">\u0917\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0938\u092d\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0921\u0923\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0917\u093f\u0930\u0940<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7\"><\/span>\u0921\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u096d\u0966 &#8211; 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\u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0936\u0930\u0926 \u091c\u094b\u0936\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093e<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87\"><\/span>\u0936\u0947\u0924\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0967\u096f\u096d\u096f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 &#8211; <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/sharadjoshi.in\/main\" target=\"_blank\">\u0936\u0930\u0926 \u091c\u094b\u0936\u0940<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0967\u096f\u096d\u096e \u091a\u093e\u0915\u0923 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0926\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81\"><\/span>\u0967\u096f\u096d\u096f \u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0941<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0967\u096f\u096e\u0966 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0926\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0967\u096f\u096e\u0966 \u0928\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0921 \u090a\u0938 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0967\u096f\u096e\u0967 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0916\u0942 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81\"><\/span>\u0967\u096f\u096e\u0969 \u0936\u0947\u0924\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0941<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0967\u096c \u0928\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096e\u0969 \u0935\u093f\u0920\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0915\u0921\u0947 &#8211; \u092a\u0902\u0922\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4\"><\/span>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%87\"><\/span>\u0917\u093e\u092f\u0940-\u092e\u094d\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e &#8211; \u0927\u0941\u0933\u0947<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0902\u0926\u0935\u0921\u091a\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0926\u094b\u0930\u0940 &#8211; \u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 &#8211; \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940. \u0936\u0930\u0926 \u091c\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0939\u0940\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u0967\u096f\u096f\u096a \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB\"><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0967\u096f\u096e\u096b<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u096e\u0966 \u091a\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0928 \u0936\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 &#8211; \u0936\u0930\u0926 \u091c\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0936\u0930\u0926 \u092a\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940. \u092a\u0940. \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940. \u0936\u0930\u0926 \u091c\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0937\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  <a href=\"https:\/\/cacp.dacnet.nic.in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Agricultural Prices Commission<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0924\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.swabhimani.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u0936\u0947\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4\"><\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u0920\u093e\u0923\u0947, \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0918\u0930 &#8211; \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0902\u0921\u0940\u0924<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AB\"><\/span>\u0968\u0966\u0967\u0967 \u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e &#8211; \u096f.\u0969\u096b %<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF\"><\/span>\u0920\u093e\u0923\u0947-\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0918\u0930\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0939\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80\"><\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e-\u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921 &#8211; \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930-\u0917\u0921\u091a\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0940<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E2%80%93_Civil_Society\"><\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c &#8211; Civil Society<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87\"><\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0910\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0941\u092a\u093e\u091a\u0947<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF\"><\/span>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u0947 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u091c\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0930\u0941\u091c\u0935\u0923\u0947 \u0939\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80\"><\/span>\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u092e\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0924\u0942\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0922\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u0940.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Module 1Political Economy of Maharashtra &#8211; \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 Business and Politics &#8211; \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923Politics of Cooperatives &#8211; \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923Land issues: Urban and Rural &#8211; \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 &#8211; \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 Module 2Political Parties &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 Indian National Congress (I), Nationalist Congress Party and Bharatiya Janata Party &#8211; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 (\u0906\u092f),&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3315","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-politics-of-modern-maharashtra"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3315","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3315"}],"version-history":[{"count":71,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3451,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3315\/revisions\/3451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}