{"id":3005,"date":"2022-04-12T09:08:33","date_gmt":"2022-04-12T03:38:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005"},"modified":"2022-04-14T23:18:04","modified_gmt":"2022-04-14T17:48:04","slug":"tyba-semester-6-paper-4-india-in-world-politics-summary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005","title":{"rendered":"TYBA Semester 6 Paper 4 India in world politics &#8211; summary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e738eec03c9\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e738eec03c9\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3\" >\u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8\" >\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u092f &#8211; \u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u092e\u0932\u092c\u091c\u093e\u0935\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6\" >\u0905\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE\" >\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE\" >\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8\" >\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u091a\u0940\u0928<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8\" >\u0921\u094b\u0915\u0932\u093e\u092e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#Why_does_it_matter\" >Why does it matter?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#What_next\" >What next?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8\" >\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8\" >\u0915\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7\" >\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_SAARC_%E2%80%93_South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation\" >\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 (SAARC &#8211; South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8\" >\u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87\" >\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=3005\/#The_first_world_conference_on_the_environment_%E2%80%93_Stockholm\" >The first world conference on the environment &#8211; Stockholm<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3\"><\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"767\" height=\"483\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-17.57.33.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-17.57.33.png 767w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-17.57.33-300x189.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 100vw, 767px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feliks_Gross\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Feliks Gross<\/a> \u092b\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938 &#8211; &#8220;\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928 \u0920\u0947\u0935\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0939\u0947&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930<\/strong><strong>\u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923<\/strong><strong> &#8211; <\/strong><strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 <\/strong><strong>\u0906\u0923\u093f <\/strong><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928, \u091c\u0932, \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u092e\u0939\u093e\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0939\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u0924\u093e\u0924.&nbsp; \u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0917\u0933\u0940\u0915\u0921\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0916\u0940\u091a.&nbsp; \u092a\u0923 \u0920\u093f\u0915\u0920\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0923\u091a\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0933\u0947.&nbsp; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0933\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0928&nbsp; \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0923\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0935\u0947\u0917\u0933\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.&nbsp; \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091a \u0930\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e.&nbsp; \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 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aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-c6dedd9e-fad2-4635-89fb-56f0153273ac\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0936\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u0924\u094b.  \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932, \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0940, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0940, 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\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0940.  \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0947\u0932\u0940.  \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u0947, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u093e \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0917\u0947 \u0918\u0947\u0924\u0932\u093e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u092f &#8211; \u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u092e\u0932\u092c\u091c\u093e\u0935\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0935\u093e 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\u091c\u0928\u0924\u0947\u0932\u093e \u092b\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092d\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u0905\u091c\u0942\u0928\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092f\u092e \u0906\u0939\u0947 &#8211; \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u0933\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0920\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u092c\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u0947\u0923\u0947 \u091c\u0930\u0941\u0930\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091c\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u091a\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0916\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u091a\u0947 \u0928\u0938\u0924\u0947 &#8211; \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0916\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947.  \u0905\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0947\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0921\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u092f \u092c\u0931\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a \u092e\u094b\u0920\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&nbsp; The chief purpose of diplomacy is to enable states to achieve objectives of their foreign policies without resort to force&nbsp; \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0940\u091a\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0932\u0902\u092c \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0923\u0947 \u0939\u093e \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/2022\/04\/14\/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9a\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0940\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u0941\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0939\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u092e\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 &#8211; \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0908\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6\"><\/span>\u0905\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/strong>  \u0905\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0923\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u091f\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0923\u0947.  \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0947\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0938\u092e\u094b\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 &#8211; \u090f\u0915\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e 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\u092d\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0935\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0942\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0921\u0940\u0935\u0930\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u094b\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940.  <strong>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0928\u0935\u0941\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947<\/strong> \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 (\u092d\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0935\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940) \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u092d\u0930\u0935\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940.  <strong>\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0940 \u091c\u0935\u0933\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0928 \u0936\u0924\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0917\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0935\u0923\u093e\u0931\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0928\u091a\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0922\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e. <\/strong> \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0947\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0901\u0915, \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0923\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0927\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e.  \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0926\u0924\u0940\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0920\u0947\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0939\u0947.   \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0935\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u091f\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0939\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0921\u0932\u093e.  \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947 \u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947.  \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0921\u092e\u094b\u0921\u0940\u0902\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u092e\u0940\u091a \u0906\u092a\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924, \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0935\u0947\u0933\u093e \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947\u091a\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0939\u0947.  \u0905\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0935\u093e non-alignment \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0902\u0921\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>The Non-Aligned Movement<\/strong> was founded and held its first conference (the Belgrade Conference) in <strong>1961<\/strong> under the leadership of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Josip-Broz-Tito\">Josip Broz Tito<\/a>\u00a0of Yugoslavia,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Gamal-Abdel-Nasser\">Gamal Abdel Nasser<\/a>\u00a0of Egypt,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Jawaharlal-Nehru\">Jawaharlal Nehru<\/a>\u00a0of India,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Kwame-Nkrumah\">Kwame Nkrumah<\/a>\u00a0of Ghana, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Sukarno\">Sukarno<\/a>\u00a0of Indonesia.<\/p><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Non-Aligned-Movement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Britannica article<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e <strong>\u0905\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u091a\u0933\u0935\u0933\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0967\u0968\u0966 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.<\/strong>  \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u0942\u0928 \u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924 \u092b\u093e\u0930\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0939\u0940.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"527\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-18.04.14-1024x527.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-18.04.14-1024x527.png 1024w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-18.04.14-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-18.04.14-768x396.png 768w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-18.04.14.png 1357w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:NAM_Member_states_and_observers_map.svg Maxronneland, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/sis\/news\/images\/Cuba_socialgraph.jpg\" alt=\"55 years later: Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis | American University,  Washington, D.C.\"\/><figcaption><strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0908\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0940\u0938 &#8211; \u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092c\u093e\u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f &#8211; \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092c\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0947 &#8211; \u0916\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0936\u094d\u091a\u0947\u0935\u094d\u0939, \u092b\u093f\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0928\u0921\u0940<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com\/TmuFTbm6pm8TtEmySCmv-orSu0k=\/fit-in\/1600x0\/https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/filer\/Cuban-Missile-Crisis-631.jpg\" alt=\"Learning from the Missile Crisis | History| Smithsonian Magazine\"\/><figcaption><strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092c\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0947 \u0920\u0947\u090a\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0923\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0923\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0908\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u091a\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"614\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-19.22.31.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-19.22.31.png 799w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-19.22.31-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-19.22.31-768x590.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/><figcaption><strong>\u0921\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0908\u091f \u0906\u092f\u0938\u0947\u0928\u0939\u0949\u0935\u0930 \u0939\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0967\u096f\u096b\u0967 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0926\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947.  \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0945\u0930\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0941\u092e\u0928 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0933\u093e\u0924 India emergency food assistance act \u0938\u0902\u092e\u0924 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The United States has invested in India\u2019s development since President Harry Truman\u2019s signed the India Emergency Food Assistance Act in 1951. USAID\u2019s program has evolved progressively over the decades from emergency provision of food, to infrastructure development, capacity building of key Indian institutions, support for the opening of the Indian economy and more. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U.S. economic assistance has followed a similar trajectory. &nbsp;In 1960, food aid accounted for 92 percent of the annual assistance budget. In the late 1970s, projects included rural electrification, fertilizer promotion, malaria control, agricultural credit, integrated health and population programs, irrigation schemes and social forestry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By the mid-1980&#8217;s, the program shifted to focus on science and technology with an emphasis on policy and institutional reforms.&nbsp; Programs addressed agricultural research, alternative-energy technology development, biomedical research, water resources management and family planning. Technology transfer and institution capacity building were integral to these activities. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From 1992 to 2002, approximately 65 percent of the annual U.S. foreign assistance funding for India was dedicated to food aid. The sixty-year-old India food aid program ended in 2011, and the 2012 budget request has no food aid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>USAID has played an important role in India, including:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Establishing eight agricultural universities with world-class agricultural research capacity;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Establishing the first Indian Institute of Technology and 14 regional engineering colleges;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Supporting capital market development to improve administration and price transparency on the stock exchanges;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Launching the first municipal bond in the region for water supply and sanitation infrastructure development;<\/li><li>Launching the &#8220;green building&#8221; movement in India &#8212; catalyzing over 1.2 billion square feet of LEED-registered green building space in the country; and<\/li><li>Strengthening India\u2019s national programs on immunization, family planning, maternal and child health, HIV\/AIDS, tuberculosis&nbsp;and polio.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Last updated: April 11, 2022 &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/india\/history\">https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/india\/history<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924-\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0948\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0933\u093e\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u0921\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u091c\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0918\u0947\u090a\u0928 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0932\u093e \u0927\u092e\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pilotonline.com\/resizer\/XzItX9J7wiJE1qiGOnjhiNMRaFI=\/800x553\/top\/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-tronc.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/K27CKMJ7FVEODJCM2S54VUMQP4.jpg\" alt=\"India\u2019s Prime Minister Indira Gandhi - March 1966.\"\/><figcaption><strong>Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi visited the United States in late March 1966<\/strong> at the invitation of <strong>President Lyndon B. Johnson.<\/strong> She was here for two days of talks on international problems and relations between India and the United States. Gandhi, along with two sons and members of her diplomatic party, arrived from Paris and landed at Langley Air Force Base in Hampton. They spent the night in Colonial Williamsburg before heading to D.C. On the morning of her departure from Williamsburg, Gandhi paused briefly to pose for photographers and chat with gathered well-wishers.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.firstpost.com\/india\/india-us-nuclear-deal-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-landmark-agreement-3596209.html\" target=\"_blank\">India US civil nuclear deal 2005.<\/a> &#8211; <strong>123 agreement &#8211; \u0967\u0968\u0969 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090f\u0928. \u092a\u0940. \u091f\u0940. \u0935 \u0938\u0940. \u091f\u0940. \u092c\u0940. \u091f\u0940. \u0939\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0935 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thewire.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Nehru-Khurshev.png\" alt=\"Nehru, the Patron Saint of Soviet Sexual Liberation?\"\/><figcaption><strong>\u0967\u096f\u096b\u096b \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u0947\u090f\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0916\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0936\u094d\u091a\u0947\u0935\u094d\u0939 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Warsaw Pact<\/strong>, formally&nbsp;<strong>Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance<\/strong>, (May 14, 1955\u2013July 1, 1991) treaty establishing a mutual-defense organization (Warsaw Treaty Organization) composed originally of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Soviet-Union\">Soviet Union<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Albania\">Albania<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Bulgaria\">Bulgaria<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Czechoslovakia\">Czechoslovakia<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/German-Democratic-Republic\">East Germany<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Hungary\">Hungary<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Poland\">Poland<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Romania\">Romania<\/a>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-Albania\">Albania<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/withdrew\">withdrew<\/a>&nbsp;in 1968, and East Germany did so in 1990.) The treaty (which was renewed on April 26, 1985) provided for a unified military command and for the maintenance of Soviet military units on the territories of the other participating states.<\/p><p>The immediate occasion for the Warsaw Pact was the Paris agreement among the Western powers admitting&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/West-Germany\">West Germany<\/a>&nbsp;to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/North-Atlantic-Treaty-Organization\">North Atlantic Treaty Organization<\/a>. The Warsaw Pact was, however, the first step in a more systematic plan to strengthen the Soviet hold over its satellites, a program undertaken by the Soviet leaders&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Nikita-Sergeyevich-Khrushchev\">Nikita Khrushchev<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Nikolay-Aleksandrovich-Bulganin\">Nikolay Bulganin<\/a>&nbsp;after their assumption of power early in 1955. The treaty also served as a lever to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/enhance\">enhance<\/a>&nbsp;the bargaining position of the Soviet Union in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/20th-century-international-relations-2085155\">international diplomacy<\/a>, an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/inference\">inference<\/a>&nbsp;that may be drawn by the concluding article of the treaty, which&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/stipulated\">stipulated<\/a>&nbsp;that the Warsaw agreement would lapse when a general East-West collective-security pact should come into force.<\/p><cite>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. &#8220;Warsaw Pact&#8221;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 May. 2021, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Warsaw-Pact  Accessed 14 April 2022.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091a \u092c\u093e\u092c\u0924\u0940\u0924 <strong>\u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 <\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947\u091a \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093f\u0933\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0940\u091a\u093e USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947\u091a \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 <strong>\u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0930\u0941\u092c\u0932-\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u093e \u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0924\u0942\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.<\/strong>   <strong>\u0967\u096f\u096d\u0967 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0968\u0966 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940\u091a\u093e <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/2022\/04\/14\/india-ussr-friendship-treaty-1971\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930<\/a><\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u093e.  <strong>\u0967\u096f\u096f\u0967 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947 <\/strong>\u0906\u0923\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 <strong>\u0967\u096b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.<\/strong>  \u0967\u096f\u096f\u0967 \u0924\u0947 \u0968\u0966\u0966\u0966 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092f\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0924\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u092f\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0924\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u091c\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1975 \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0933\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0942\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092d\u091f\u094d\u091f \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u0947.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0933\u0942\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0938 \u0939\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0938\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091d \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0908\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The rupee-rouble mechanism had existed in the Soviet era and was designed to bypass the US dollar owing to tensions between Washington and Moscow, which date back decades. Under this system, India paid in rupees for the items it purchased from Russia, equivalent to the value of the product in roubles.<\/p><p>The rupee-rouble mechanism also worked in the form of the traditional barter system, under which Russia could import items from India worth the same value that New Delhi would procure from Moscow.<\/p><p>\u201cThe mechanism is being studied\u2026 There is no clarity on the sanctions yet. This is too early to conclude anything,\u201d said a source involved in studying the issue. \u201cA rupee-rouble mechanism does not seem viable at this point of time because of currency fluctuations. No decision has been taken.\u201d<video autoplay=\"\" muted=\"muted\" preload=\"true\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/theprint.in\/dd3b9e6c-1029-4371-ba0a-829ba8d0947a\"><\/video><\/p><cite>https:\/\/theprint.in\/diplomacy\/rupee-rouble-romance-was-for-soviet-era-not-trade-option-now-for-india-russia\/877837\/<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"504\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/meeting-Mikhail-Gorbachev-Ronald-Reagan-White-House-1987.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3087\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/meeting-Mikhail-Gorbachev-Ronald-Reagan-White-House-1987.webp 750w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/meeting-Mikhail-Gorbachev-Ronald-Reagan-White-House-1987-300x202.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption><strong>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0947\u0917\u0928 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0936\u0947\u0935\u091f\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908\u0932 \u0917\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u091a\u0947\u0935\u094d\u0939 &#8211; \u0968\u096b \u0921\u093f\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096f\u0967 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.  \u092e\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908\u0932 \u0917\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u091a\u0947\u0935\u094d\u0939 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u0947\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0908\u0915\u093e &#8211; \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947\u092a\u0923\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8216;<strong>Druzhba-Dosti<\/strong>: A Vision for strengthening the Indian-Russian Partnership over the next decade&#8217; &#8211; Joint Statement during the visit of President of the Russian Federation to India<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The President of the Russian Federation, H.E. Mr. Vladimir V. Putin, paid an official visit to India on December 11, 2014 at the invitation of the Prime Minister of the Republic of India, H.E. Mr. Narendra Modi, for the 15th Annual Summit between the two countries. During the Summit, the leaders agreed on a vision for strengthening the India-Russia partnership over the next decade. Recognizing that the special and privileged strategic partnership between India and Russia has been built on the strong foundation of mutual trust, bilateral understanding and unique people-to-people affinities, the leaders emphasized that the time has come for a significant broad-basing of bilateral cooperation to carry the friendship between the countries to a qualitatively new level.<\/p><p><\/p><cite>&nbsp;&#8220;&#8216;Druzhba-Dosti: A Vision for strengthening the Indian-Russian &#8230;.&#8221; 11 Dec. 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/mea.gov.in\/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl\/24486\/druzhbadosti+a+vision+for+strengthening+the+indianrussian+partnership+over+the+next+decade++joint+statement+during+the+visit+of+president+of+the+russian+federation+to+india\">https:\/\/mea.gov.in\/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl\/24486\/druzhbadosti+a+vision+for+strengthening+the+indianrussian+partnership+over+the+next+decade++joint+statement+during+the+visit+of+president+of+the+russian+federation+to+india<\/a>. Accessed 14 Apr. 2022.<br><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u091a\u0940\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0902\u091a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 &#8211; 1954 &#8211; \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u091a\u0940\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091d\u094c \u090f\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u092f \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/191_panchsheel.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 191_panchsheel..\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-4ed6eb4e-075c-4374-9f45-f7f508f6c89e\" href=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/191_panchsheel.pdf\">191_panchsheel<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/191_panchsheel.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-4ed6eb4e-075c-4374-9f45-f7f508f6c89e\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0906\u0939\u0947.  <strong>\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0945\u0915\u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0930\u0947\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u091f\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947.<\/strong>  <strong>\u0932\u0921\u093e\u0916, \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u091a\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0916\u0902\u0921,  \u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e, \u0905\u0930\u0941\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936,<\/strong> \u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0940 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u0935\u0933\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0969\u096a\u096e\u096e \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0921\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0939\u0947.  <strong>\u0967\u096f\u096c\u0968 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947.<\/strong>  \u0924\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u0903 &#8220;\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u093e\u0908&#8221; \u091a\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0923\u093e\u0931\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0942\u0923\u091a \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092e\u094b\u0920\u093e \u0927\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.durham.ac.uk\/media\/durham-university\/research-\/research-centres\/ibru-centre-for-borders-research\/LAC-India-CHina.jpg\" alt=\"India and China in next round of talks to resolve border dispute - Durham  University\"\/><figcaption><strong>LAC &#8211; Line of actual control between India and China &#8211; see the red line.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0921\u094b\u0915\u0932\u093e\u092e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Doklam, or Donglang in Chinese, is an area spread over less than a 100 sq km comprising a plateau and a valley at the trijunction between India, Bhutan and China. It is surrounded by the Chumbi Valley of Tibet, Bhutan\u2019s Ha Valley and Sikkim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite several rounds of engagement between China and Bhutan, the dispute between the two over Doklam has not been resolved. It flared up in 2017 when the Chinese were trying to construct a road in the area, and Indian troops, in aid of their Bhutanese counterparts, objected to it, resulting in the stand-off. Doklam is strategically located close to the Siliguri Corridor, which connects mainland India with its north-eastern region. The corridor, also called Chicken\u2019s Neck, is a vulnerable point for India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_does_it_matter\"><\/span>Why does it matter?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>While India-Tibet trade flourished along the Siliguri corridor and Chumbi Valley, Doklam had very little significance. Even during British rule, Doklam did not command much attention. In recent years however, China has been beefing up its military presence in the Chumbi Valley, where the Chinese are at a great disadvantage militarily. Both Indian and Bhutanese troops are on a higher ground around the Valley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is also the reason, the Indian security establishment suspect, why the Chinese have a deep interest in Doklam, which would give them a commanding view of and an easy access to both the Chumbi Valley and the Siliguri Corridor. The desolate Doklam region grabbed global attention after the stand-off. According to Indian claims, it began on June 16, 2017, when Chinese troops came to the area with equipment to extend a road southward in Doklam, towards the Bhutanese Army camp near the Jampheri Ridge, which according to both Bhutan and India are an integral part of Bhutanese territory. China says the ridge is the border. Two days later, a few hundred Indian troops entered Doklam, at the request of Bhutan, and stopped the construction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Bhutanese government told China that \u201cthe construction of the road inside Bhutanese territory is a direct violation of the agreements and affects the process of demarcating the boundary between our two countries.\u201d On June 30, the Ministry of External Affairs said: \u201cSuch construction would represent a significant change of status quo with serious security implications for India.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Chinese government released a map to accuse India of trespassing into its territory, and in a detailed statement in the first week of August, it said \u201cIndia has no right to interfere in or impede the boundary talks between China and Bhutan.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_next\"><\/span>What next?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>India and China have one of the world\u2019s longest disputed borders and areas \u2014 which include 37,000 sq km of uninhabited Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh with 1.4 million residents and over 84,000 sq km.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite several rounds of negotiations between Special Representatives, the dispute is nowhere near a solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, their Armies have been modernising at a frenetic pace. The two sides are also carrying out one of history\u2019s biggest conventional military build-ups along their borders. Doklam adds yet another flashpoint along the disputed borders of the two Asian giants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&#8220;What is the Doklam issue all about? &#8211; The Hindu.&#8221; 27 Jan. 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/what-is-the-doklam-issue-all-about\/article22536937.ece\">https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/what-is-the-doklam-issue-all-about\/article22536937.ece<\/a>. Accessed 14 Apr. 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>MacMohan Line marks the border between India and China. Though China never accepts the line as it was drawn in 1914 between British India and Tibet which was an independent state then under Simla Accord. It is the effective boundary between China and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government.<\/p><cite>https:\/\/www.indiatimes.com\/news\/india\/from-durand-to-radcliffe-and-macmohan-these-are-the-lines-that-divided-indian-subcontinent-and-carved-new-territories-263467.html <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/299539149\/figure\/fig1\/AS:349656128212993@1460375925219\/The-South-China-Sea-Map-modified-from.png\" alt=\"The South China Sea. Map modified from... | Download Scientific Diagram\"\/><figcaption><strong>South China Sea &#8211; \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 &#8211; \u0907\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0942\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u092a\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u091a\u0940\u0928\u091a\u093e \u0921\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u0939\u0947.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.  \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0947\u091f\u0947 \u0909\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0942\u0928 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0933 \u0909\u092d\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924. <\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.newindianexpress.com\/uploads\/user\/imagelibrary\/2022\/1\/15\/w1200X800\/Xi_Jinping_AP_Photo.jpg\" alt=\"China to 'stick with' zero-Covid strategy, says President Xi Jinping- The  New Indian Express\"\/><figcaption><strong>\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 &#8211; \u091a\u0940\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e (\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0932 \u0968\u0966\u0968\u0968)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0933\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0940 <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radcliffe_Line\" target=\"_blank\">\u0930\u0945\u0921\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092b \u0932\u093e\u0908\u0928<\/a> &#8211; \u0967\u096d \u0911\u0917\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0967\u096f\u096a\u096d<\/strong> \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u0940.  <strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0969\u0968\u0969\u0969 \u0915\u093f.\u092e\u0940. \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0969 \u092e\u0947 \u0967\u096f\u096f\u096f \u0924\u0947 \u0968\u096c \u091c\u0941\u0932\u0948 \u0967\u096f\u096f\u096f \u092f\u093e \u096e\u096b \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0935\u093e \u0968 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0968\u096a \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0940\u0932 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0924 \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0928\u091a \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u091c\u0942\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u096c\u096b \u091a\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924-\u092a\u093e\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0928\u0947\u091a \u0925\u093e\u0902\u092c\u0935\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0947\u0932\u0947.  <strong>\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0926\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0932\u092c\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u0924\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f \u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0915\u0902\u0926 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0947\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0917\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.   \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0924\u0940\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092f\u0941\u092c \u0916\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.<\/strong>   <strong>\u0967\u0966 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0967\u096f\u096c\u096c \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0938\u0931\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947 \u0967\u0967 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0932\u093e  \u0924\u0947\u0925\u0947\u091a \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.  \u0924\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0915\u0902\u0926 \u092b\u093e\u0908\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0926\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092a\u091f \u092f\u093e\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Tashkent Files | Official Trailer | Vivek Agnihotri | Releasing 12th April\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OgWylHdfIdo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/russiancouncil.ru\/upload\/pakindia1.jpg\" alt=\"RIAC :: The 1966 Tashkent Declaration: A Helping Hand for Institutional  Memory?\"\/><figcaption><strong>\u0905\u092f\u0941\u092c \u0916\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0932\u092c\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 &#8211; \u0905\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0938\u093f\u091c\u0940\u0928, \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0967\u0966 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0967\u096f\u096c\u096c \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0915\u0902\u0926 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0902\u091c\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)<\/strong>, regional-defense organization <strong>from 1955 to 1977<\/strong>, created by the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Southeast-Asia\">Southeast Asia<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/Collective\">Collective<\/a>\u00a0Defence Treaty, signed at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Manila\">Manila<\/a>\u00a0on September 8, 1954, by representatives of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Australia\">Australia<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/France\">France<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-New-Zealand\">New Zealand<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-Pakistan\">Pakistan<\/a>, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-Philippines\">Philippines<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-Thailand\">Thailand<\/a>, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-United-Kingdom\">United Kingdom<\/a>, and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-United-States\">United States<\/a>. The treaty came into force on February 19, 1955. <strong>Pakistan withdrew in 1968,<\/strong> and France suspended financial support in 1975. The organization held its final exercise on February 20, 1976, and formally ended on June 30, 1977.<\/p><cite>https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Southeast-Asia-Treaty-Organization<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/mea.gov.in\/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl\/6439\/Indus\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Indus Waters Treaty  1960 &#8211;  \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0927\u0942 \u0928\u0926\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u091f\u092a\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096c\u0966<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/vt\/data=E6iy10GHjmIDxfb7_T5BitAmAUGESaGL_-LEfQ9AsPf8NH7pM32d0sGHQmXiprhk4dFfMS5e5DCaNvYPo4y_pkm_q2DM9XNCuRhHn6eUQNj5ICGP0M4CAWm14LVvNJaDd2xjvdyYm0IUR1va_0Xwadtg58nHWeGFC7Kh1XtgzgBXWyDnqDNsoFrJj38DaMcZtUzEUhdxc6D322_-4Q7gDtRLZGMH8tWcxQuCdxhVTnh3ZclSvkmn\" alt=\"Map of Indus River\"\/><figcaption>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0927\u0942 \u0928\u0926\u0940\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 &#8211; \u0924\u093f\u092c\u0947\u091f &#8211; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 &#8211; \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 &#8211; Indus river<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/Lahore Declaration February, 1999\" target=\"_blank\">\u0932\u093e\u0939\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096f\u096f<\/a> &#8211; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Done at Lahore on 21st February 1999 in the presence of Prime Minister of India, Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee, and Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif.<\/p><p><strong>(K. Raghunath)<br>Foreign Secretary of the Republic of India<br><br>(Shamshad Ahmad)<br>Foreign Secretary of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan<\/strong><\/p><cite>https:\/\/mea.gov.in\/in-focus-article.htm?18997\/Lahore+Declaration+February+1999<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read this Britannica article<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"482\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-08.54.18-1024x482.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3142\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-08.54.18-1024x482.png 1024w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-08.54.18-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-08.54.18-768x361.png 768w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-14-at-08.54.18.png 1384w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>The original State of J&amp;K which <strong>acceded to India in October 1947<\/strong> <strong>(\u0915\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u092c\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096a\u096d \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.)<\/strong> comprised 2,22,236 sq km. But today India is in physical occupation of only 1,06,566 sq km of the original state of J&amp;K. Pakistan occupied Kashmir (POK) is 72,935 sq km less 5,180 sq km of Shaksgam Valley leased to China in 1963. China Occupied Kashmir (COK) consists of 37,555 sq km of Aksai Chin plus Shaksgam and territory nibbled over the years, all totaling up to 42,735 sq km.<br>&nbsp;&#8220;Facts that Led to the Creation of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (West &#8230;.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spslandforces.com\/story\/?id=691&amp;h=Facts-that-Led-to-the-Creation-of-Pakistan-Occupied-Kashmir-West-of-LOC-and-China-Occupied-Kashmir-East-of-LAC\">https:\/\/www.spslandforces.com\/story\/?id=691&amp;h=Facts-that-Led-to-the-Creation-of-Pakistan-Occupied-Kashmir-West-of-LOC-and-China-Occupied-Kashmir-East-of-LAC<\/a>. Accessed 14 Apr. 2022.<br><br><br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"452\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Kashmir-as-in-April-2022.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Kashmir-as-in-April-2022.jpg 710w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Kashmir-as-in-April-2022-300x191.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><figcaption>Image courtesy &#8211; <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spslandforces.com\/story\/?id=691&amp;h=Facts-that-Led-to-the-Creation-of-Pakistan-Occupied-Kashmir-West-of-LOC-and-China-Occupied-Kashmir-East-of-LAC#:~:text=The%20original%20State%20of%20J%26K,leased%20to%20China%20in%201963\" target=\"_blank\">SP&#8217;s Land Forces<\/a>  &#8211; Article &#8211; Facts that Led to the Creation of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (West of LOC) &amp; China Occupied Kashmir (East of LAC)<br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/PHvRJk0zEJ\" target=\"_blank\"><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0935\u0947\u0933\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092b\u093e\u0933\u0923\u0940 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.    \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0936\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.  \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0933\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0940\u0936 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u096b\u0969 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092e\u0924 \u0918\u0947\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928  \u092e\u094b\u0939\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0926 \u0906\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u096d\u0968 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0918\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094b\u0921\u0935\u093e\u092f\u091a\u093e \u0906\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0967\u096f\u096d\u096f \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0932\u093e \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0915\u0921\u0942\u0928 \u090f\u092b-\u0967\u096c \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0933\u093e\u0932\u0940.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/desktop__1260_\/public\/main_images\/B701%20%281%29.jpg?itok=eLno_WPt\" alt=\"All the Reasons Why the Air Force's F-16 Is Still a Deadly Plane | The  National Interest\"\/><figcaption>F-16 fighter planes provided by US to Pakistan.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0906\u0939\u0947.  \u0967\u096f\u096d\u096a \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0926\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u0923\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u091a\u093e\u091a\u0923\u0940 \u0918\u0947\u0924\u0932\u0940.  <strong>\u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u0923-II \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0913\u0933\u0916\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0931\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941\u091a\u093e\u091a\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0967\u096f\u096f\u096e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0947\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0918\u0947\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e.<\/strong>  <strong>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u0923\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e. <\/strong> <strong>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u091a\u093e\u091a\u0923\u0940 \u0918\u0921\u0935\u0942\u0928 \u0906\u0923\u0932\u0940 <\/strong>\u0906\u0923\u093f \u0924\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0923\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0968\u0966\u0966\u0967 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u091a\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0933\u091a\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0947\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0933\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091c\u0928\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0947\u091d \u092e\u0941\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0930\u092b \u0939\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u0940\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u0935\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0933 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940\u091a \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u0947\u090a\u0928 \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u0924 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.  <strong>\u0938\u093f\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096d\u0968 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u0941\u091f\u094d\u091f\u094b \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0930\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pbs.twimg.com\/media\/Eho1PIZU4AEdurq?format=jpg&amp;name=small\" alt=\"Image\"\/><figcaption><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0967\u096f\u096d\u096a \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0940.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>During the 1971 War, as the Indian Army launched its blitzkrieg into <strong>East Pakistan (1947 to 1971)<\/strong> \u2013 present day Bangladesh \u2013 US President Richard Nixon had a terrible idea. Under the pretext of evacuating American citizens from the warzone, <strong>Nixon ordered the US Seventh Fleet\u2019s Task Force 74,<\/strong> led by the nuclear powered aircraft carrier Enterprise, to proceed towards the Bay of Bengal. He was spurred on by Henry Kissinger, his National Security Advisor.  Nixon\u2019s rash move \u2013 which became America\u2019s greatest PR disaster in India \u2013 was dictated by the condition of the Pakistani military, which was taking a hammering in East Pakistan. More than 100,000 Pakistani soldiers were trapped between the Bay of Bengal and the rampaging Indian Army. Of these 97,000 would soon surrender, making it the largest capitulation since World War II.  <\/p><cite>https:\/\/swarajyamag.com\/world\/december-1971-when-the-us-sent-its-naval-ships-into-bay-of-bengal-and-ussr-responded<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0924\u0940\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0920\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947.  <strong>\u0967\u096f\u096d\u0967 \u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u091a\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0924\u0940 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.<\/strong>  \u0924\u0947\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0933 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.  \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0939\u0947.  <strong>\u0968\u0966\u0967\u096b \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0967\u096c\u0968 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 &#8211; \u091a\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0920\u0930\u0932\u0947.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0948\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 &#8211; \u0967\u096f\u096d\u0968 &#8211; \u092a\u0902\u091a\u0935\u0940\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0967\u096f\u096d\u0968 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u0935\u0940\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0948\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u093e. <strong>\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0930\u093e- \u092e\u0941\u091c\u0940\u092c \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u0924\u093e\u0924.<\/strong> \u092e\u0941\u091c\u0940\u092c \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947 \u0936\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0941\u091c\u0940\u092c\u0942\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u092e\u093e\u0928 &#8211; \u0924\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0906\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u0940\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Article 11<\/strong><\/p><p>The present Treaty is signed for a term of twenty five years and shall be subject to renewal by mutual agreement of the high Contracting Parties.<\/p><p>The Treaty shall come into force with immediate effect from the date of its signature.<\/p><cite>&nbsp;&#8220;Treaty of Peace and Friendship &#8211; Ministry of External Affairs.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl\/5621\/Treaty+of+Peace+and+Friendship\">https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl\/5621\/Treaty+of+Peace+and+Friendship<\/a>. Accessed 14 Apr. 2022.<br><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-10.56.01.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3027\" width=\"820\" height=\"589\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-10.56.01.png 984w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-10.56.01-300x216.png 300w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-10.56.01-768x552.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"982\" height=\"706\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/chitmahal.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3032\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/chitmahal.jpg 982w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/chitmahal-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/chitmahal-768x552.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 982px) 100vw, 982px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Moor\" target=\"_blank\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u092e\u0942\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0926 &#8211; \u0967\u096f\u096d\u0966<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/through-bangla-a-development-shortcut-for-northeast\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.indianexpress.com\/2015\/11\/bangala.jpg\" alt=\"bangala\"\/><\/a><figcaption>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f &#8211; \u0915\u094b\u0932\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u0922\u093e\u0915\u093e-\u0905\u0917\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0933\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e &#8211; \u092f\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u0967\u0966\u0966\u0966 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.  \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u0939\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0933\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_SAARC_%E2%80%93_South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation\"><\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 (SAARC &#8211; South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u096e \u0921\u093f\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096e\u096b \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0915\u093e \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0920 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.<\/strong>  \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0932\u0902\u0915\u093e, \u092d\u0942\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0926\u0940\u0935, \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0933 \u0939\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0968\u0966\u0966\u096d \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0905\u092b\u0917\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928.  <strong>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f (headquarters) \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0933\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0942 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8 \u0911\u0917\u0938\u094d\u091f 1967 \u0932\u093e \u0925\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0902\u0921\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0901\u0915\u0949\u0915 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.<\/strong> <strong>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0936\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092e\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092b\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0928\u094d\u0938, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0925\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0902\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 <\/strong>\u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0930\u0928\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 (<strong>\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0935\u093e \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0901\u0915\u0949\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0930\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u0924\u093e\u0924<\/strong>)\u0938\u0939\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e.  \u0938\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u0967\u0966 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.  \u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u090f\u091f\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0908, \u0932\u093e\u0913\u0938, \u0915\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0930 (\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0926\u0947\u0936) \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.  \u092f\u093e\u092a\u0948\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0922\u0947 <strong>Asian tigres<\/strong> \u0939\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u0932\u0947.   <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/u\/0\/viewer?mid=1EXHxGOegIqASOeUer_R0KV4_XHo&amp;ll=9.080400364748236%2C110.0390625&amp;z=5\" target=\"_blank\">\u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093e \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093e<\/a>.  <strong>\u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.  <strong>\u0906\u091c \u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u0921\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093e \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923 Look East Policy \u0967\u096f\u096f\u0967 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0928\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947.  \u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947\u091a \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u092f \u0906\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0922\u0935\u0923\u0947 \u0939\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0917\u091a\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.<\/strong>  \u091c\u092a\u093e\u0928, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u0940\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e <strong><em>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0933\u093e\u0935\u0930<\/em><\/strong> \u092a\u0941\u0922\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u0921\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0935\u093e\u0922\u0935\u0923\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0917\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u094b\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0968\u0966\u0967\u096a \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0940 Act East policy \u0939\u093e look east \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0922\u091a\u093e \u091f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u093e \u0906\u0939\u0947.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0915\u0921\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0938\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0930 \u091c\u0935\u0933\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.  <strong>\u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u0928\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0968\u0966\u0966\u0968 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u0928\u0949\u092e \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0920\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940. <\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0933\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0947\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>India&#8217;s relationship with ASEAN is a key pillar of our foreign policy and the foundation of our Act East Policy. The up-gradation of the relationship into a Strategic Partnership in 2012 was a natural progression to the ground covered since India became a <strong>Sectoral Partner of the ASEAN in 1992,<\/strong> <strong>Dialogue Partner in 1996 <\/strong>and <strong>Summit Level Partner (\u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0933\u0940\u0935\u0930\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940) in 2002.<\/strong> There are, in total, 30 Dialogue Mechanisms between India and ASEAN, cutting across various sectors.<\/p><cite>https:\/\/mea.gov.in\/aseanindia\/20-years.htm<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"85\" height=\"128\" src=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3225\"\/><figcaption>\u0905\u0901\u091f\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0913 \u0917\u0941\u091f\u0947\u0930\u0947\u0938, \u0938\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u091a\u093f\u0935<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sg\/sites\/www.un.org.sg\/files\/quote-images\/13-04-2022-UN-Photo-UN7929702-Guterres.jpg\" alt=\"Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres (centre) briefs the press on the global impact of war in Ukraine on food, energy and finance systems. UN Photo\/Eskinder Debebe\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The people of Ukraine cannot bear the violence being inflicted on them. And the most vulnerable people around the globe cannot become collateral damage in yet another disaster for which they bear no responsibility. We need to silence the guns and accelerate negotiations towards peace, now. For the people of Ukraine. For the people of the region.\u00a0\u2014 ANT\u00d3NIO GUTERRES<\/p><cite>https:\/\/www.un.org\/sg\/en<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Ant\u00f3nio Guterres<\/strong>, in full\u00a0<strong>Ant\u00f3nio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres<\/strong>, (born April 30, 1949,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Lisbon\">Lisbon<\/a>, Portugal), Portuguese politician and diplomat who served as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/prime-minister\">prime minister<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Portugal\">Portugal<\/a>\u00a0(1995\u20132002) and secretary-general of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/United-Nations\">United Nations<\/a>\u00a0(2017\u2013 ).<\/p><p>Guterres studied physics and engineering at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/University-of-Lisbon\">Universidade de Lisboa\u2019s<\/a>\u00a0elite Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, earning a degree in 1971. His time as a student was marked by the decline of the dictatorship of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Antonio-de-Oliveira-Salazar\">Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar<\/a>, and Guterres was active in the protest movement that helped to topple Salazar\u2019s successor,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Marcello-Jose-das-Neves-Alves-Caetano\">Marcello Caetano<\/a>, in 1974. After graduating, Guterres worked as a physics instructor, but, as Portugal began its transition to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/democracy\">democracy<\/a>, he became more active in politics. He joined the Socialist Party in 1974, and two years later he was elected to the Portuguese parliament. Over the next two decades, he served on a variety of parliamentary committees, and, from 1981 to 1983, he was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Council-of-Europe\">Council of Europe<\/a>.<\/p><cite>https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Antonio-Guterres<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.archinform.net\/m\/70000594.jpg\" alt=\"United Nations Headquarters, Manhattan\"\/><figcaption>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0915 &#8211; UN headquarters, New York<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0967\u096f\u096a\u096b \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.  \u0906\u091c \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u0967\u096f\u0969 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The Declaration by United Nations contained the first official use of the term &#8216;United Nations&#8217;. The name &#8216;United Nations&#8217; was coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt.<\/p><cite>https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/history-of-the-un\/preparatory-years<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The current&nbsp;<strong>term&nbsp;<\/strong>of the Secretary-General is&nbsp;<strong>five years<\/strong>, with a possibility to be re-appointed for a second five year term. In accordance with Article 97 of the Charter, the appointment is made by the General Assembly, upon the recommendation of the Security Council.&nbsp;<\/p><cite>\u00a0&#8220;Secretary-General &#8211; UN Secretariat Documentation.&#8221; 21 Mar. 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/research.un.org\/en\/docs\/secretariat\/sg\">https:\/\/research.un.org\/en\/docs\/secretariat\/sg<\/a>. Accessed 14 Apr. 2022.<br><br>UN General Assembly on Friday appointed Antonio Guterres as the UN Secretary-General for a second term beginning January 1, 2022, days after the powerful Security Council had unanimously recommended his name to the 193-member body for re-election.<br>President of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly Volkan Bozkir announced that Mr. Guterres \u201chas been appointed by acclamation Secretary-General of the United Nations for the second term of office beginning on January 1, 2022 and ending on December 31, 2026.\u201d Mr. Bozkir then administered the oath of office to 72-year-old Guterres at the podium of the UN General Assembly hall.<br><br>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/antonio-guterres-re-elected-as-un-secretary-general-for-second-five-year-term\/article34851570.ece<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u092a\u0948\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0939\u0947.  \u0967\u096f\u096a\u096b \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947\u091a \u0906\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0940.  \u0926\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0968\u096a \u0911\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u092c\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u091c\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u094b.  \u0968\u0966\u0967\u096b \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0940\u0935\u0930\u0942\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u092b\u0947 \u0968\u0967 \u091c\u0942\u0928 \u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u0942\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091c\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u094b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u0932\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u0920\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926.  \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u091a \u0915\u093e\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.  <strong>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e (USA), \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0921 (UK), \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938, \u0930\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u091a\u0940\u0928 <\/strong>\u0939\u0947 \u0924\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.  \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093f\u0933\u0935\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940, \u091c\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0906\u0939\u0947\u0924.  \u0915\u093e\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0938\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0930\u094b\u092a\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0916\u0942\u092a \u0906\u0939\u0947.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0967\u0966 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0927\u0940\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0906\u092e\u0938\u092d\u0947\u0915\u0921\u0942\u0928  \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_first_world_conference_on_the_environment_%E2%80%93_Stockholm\"><\/span>The first world conference on the environment &#8211; Stockholm <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Environment in Stockholm was the first world conference to make the environment a major issue. The participants adopted a series of principles for sound management of the environment including the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/undocs.org\/en\/A\/CONF.48\/14\/Rev.1\">Stockholm Declaration and Action Plan for the Human Environment<\/a>&nbsp;and several resolutions.<\/p><cite>https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/conferences\/environment\/stockholm1972<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923 Feliks Gross \u092b\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938 &#8211; &#8220;\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928 \u0920\u0947\u0935\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0939\u0947&#8221; \u092a\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923 &#8211; \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928, \u091c\u0932, \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u092e\u0939\u093e\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0939\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u0924\u093e\u0924.&nbsp; \u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0917\u0933\u0940\u0915\u0921\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0916\u0940\u091a.&nbsp; \u092a\u0923 \u0920\u093f\u0915\u0920\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0923\u091a\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0933\u0947.&nbsp; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0933\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0928&nbsp; \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0923\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0935\u0947\u0917\u0933\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-international-relations-india-the-world"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3005","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3005"}],"version-history":[{"count":156,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3005\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3313,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3005\/revisions\/3313"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3005"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3005"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3005"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}