{"id":2921,"date":"2022-04-10T20:30:40","date_gmt":"2022-04-10T15:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921"},"modified":"2024-03-17T15:33:23","modified_gmt":"2024-03-17T10:03:23","slug":"paper-5-indian-political-thought-april-2022-summary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921","title":{"rendered":"Paper 5 Indian Political Thought &#8211; April 2022 summary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Paper 5 Political Thought \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<br>Semester 6 \u2013 Indian Political Thought &#8211; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f41b1440b2e\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f41b1440b2e\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Module_1_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A5%A7_Ideas_on_State_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0\" >Module 1 &#8211; \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0967 Ideas on State \u2013 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Mahadev_Govind_Ranade_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_1842_%E2%80%93_1901\" >Mahadev Govind Ranade &#8211; \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0917\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u093e\u0928\u0921\u0947 (1842 \u2013 1901)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_1869_%E2%80%93_1948\" >Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u092e\u091a\u0902\u0926 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 (1869 \u2013 1948)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Module_2_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A5%A8_Nationalism_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6\" >Module 2 &#8211; \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0968 Nationalism &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Rabindranath_Tagore_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_1861_%E2%80%93_1941\" >Rabindranath Tagore \u2013 \u0930\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0930 (1861 \u2013 1941)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_1883_%E2%80%93_1966\" >Vinayak Damodar Savarkar &#8211; \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0926\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0915\u0930 (1883 &#8211; 1966)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Module_3_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A5%A9_Rational_and_Radical_Reform_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE\" >Module 3 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0969 Rational and Radical Reform \u2013 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0940\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Bhimrao_Ramji_Ambedkar_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_1891_%E2%80%93_1956\" >Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar &#8211; \u092d\u0940\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u093e\u092e\u091c\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u092c\u0947\u0921\u0915\u0930 (1891 \u2013 1956)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_1856_%E2%80%93_1895\" >Gopal Ganesh Agarkar &#8211; \u0917\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0933 \u0917\u0923\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0917\u0930\u0915\u0930 (1856 \u2013 1895)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Module_4_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A5%AA_Socialism_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6\" >Module 4 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u096a Socialism &#8211; \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Ram_Manohar_Lohia_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_1910_%E2%80%93_1967\" >Ram Manohar Lohia \u0930\u093e\u092e\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0939\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0940\u092f\u093e (1910 \u2013 1967)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#Jawaharlal_Nehru_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82_1889_%E2%80%93_1964\" >Jawaharlal Nehru &#8211; \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942 (1889 \u2013 1964)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2921\/#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE\" >\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0935\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0940\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0940\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0939\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Module_1_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A5%A7_Ideas_on_State_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0\"><\/span><strong>Module 1 &#8211; \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0967<br>Ideas on State \u2013 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mahadev_Govind_Ranade_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_1842_%E2%80%93_1901\"><\/span>Mahadev Govind Ranade &#8211; \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0917\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u093e\u0928\u0921\u0947 (1842 \u2013 1901)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u092e\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 &#8211; \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0917\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u093e\u0928\u0921\u0947 &#8211; \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u091c\u0947\u0924 \u0939\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.  \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947.  \u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0921\u091c\u094b\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0927\u0928 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0935\u0921\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0916\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915\u093e 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href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/2022\/04\/05\/the-miscellaneous-writings-mr-justice-m-g-ranade-free-book-available-on-google-books-https-books-googleusercontent-com-books-contentreqakw5qacklokpne5tuapjczpynk_m-xysehr74u_cxqfgycjjpegyjr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0921\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u091c \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u091a\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0936\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0933\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u091c \u0907\u0925\u0947 \u092f\u0947\u0923\u0947 \u0939\u093e 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class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_1869_%E2%80%93_1948\"><\/span>Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u092e\u091a\u0902\u0926 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 (1869 \u2013 1948)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0933 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0917\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u0967\u096f\u0967\u096b \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 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\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u091a\u0932\u0947 &#8211; \u0905\u0902\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0926\u092f \u0905\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0922\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0926\u092f\u093e \u0910\u0935\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0926\u092f \u0939\u093e \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u091f\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0923\u0938\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u091c \u0905\u0938\u0924\u0947 \u0924\u0936\u0940\u091a \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0902\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0923\u0938\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u0941\u091f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u091c\u0947, \u0928\u092b\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0928\u0936\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u091c\u0947 &#8211; \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947\u091a \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u092f \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u091c\u0947.  \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0926\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940.  \u090f\u0915\u0942\u0923\u091a \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0930\u0923\u0940\u091a\u093e \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u0968\u096b \u0924\u0947 \u0967\u096f\u0968\u096f \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0933\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u092a\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0935\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0916\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0924 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947.  \u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.  \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0940\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Module_2_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A5%A8_Nationalism_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6\"><\/span><strong>Module 2 &#8211; \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0968<br>Nationalism &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rabindranath_Tagore_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_1861_%E2%80%93_1941\"><\/span>Rabindranath Tagore \u2013 \u0930\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0930 (1861 \u2013 1941)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><br>\u0967\u096f\u0967\u0969 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u0940\u0924\u093e\u0902\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0933\u0935\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0930\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0930 &#8211; \u0915\u0932\u0915\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0918\u0930\u093e\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u0966\u0967 \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0940\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 &#8211; \u0967\u096f\u0968\u0967 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940\u0920\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u0967\u096f \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0940\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e Knight \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u0935\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940.  \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0943\u0924\u0938\u0930\u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0917 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0921\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u0942\u0928 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0940.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_1883_%E2%80%93_1966\"><\/span>Vinayak Damodar Savarkar &#8211; \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0926\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0915\u0930 (1883 &#8211; 1966)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0939\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u0917\u0942\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947, \u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940\u091a\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u0938\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u092e\u0945\u091d\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0926\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0915\u0930 &#8211; \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e &#8211; \u092a\u093f\u0924\u0943\u092d\u0942, \u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f\u092d\u0942 &#8211; \u091c\u0948\u0928, \u0936\u0940\u0916, \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0942\u0928 \u0918\u0947\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e &#8211; \u0916\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u0928, \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0917\u0933\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e.  \u0967\u096e\u096b\u096d \u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0967\u096e\u096b\u096d \u091a\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092e\u0930 \u0939\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0932\u0947.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0906\u0927\u0940\u091a \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0932\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0918\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0921\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940.  \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0933\u0935\u0942\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u091a\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0939\u093e \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 Six Glorious Epochs in Indian History<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u092a\u0926-\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0967\u096e\u096b\u096d \u091a\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092e\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0908\u0921 \u0926 \u090f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0945\u092e\u094d\u092a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0933\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0923\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u091d\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0920\u0947\u092a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u092e\u0932\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0945\u091d\u093f\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Module_3_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A5%A9_Rational_and_Radical_Reform_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span><strong>Module 3 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0969<br>Rational and Radical Reform \u2013 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0940\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bhimrao_Ramji_Ambedkar_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_1891_%E2%80%93_1956\"><\/span>Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar &#8211; \u092d\u0940\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u093e\u092e\u091c\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u092c\u0947\u0921\u0915\u0930 (1891 \u2013 1956)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947, \u092e\u0942\u0915\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0915, \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0911\u092b \u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u091f\u091a\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0907\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0905\u0901\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0949\u0930\u0940\u091f\u0940\u091c <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092f\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947 &#8211; \u0921\u0949. \u092c\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0947\u092c \u0906\u0902\u092c\u0947\u0921\u0915\u0930 &#8211; \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0939\u0947 \u0905\u0936\u0940 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 &#8211; \u092a\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092d\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u092f \u0928\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u091f\u093e\u0915\u0940 &#8211; \u091c\u092e\u0935\u0942\u0928 \u0918\u0947\u090a\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0939\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0915.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936\u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u0939\u0942 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0947\u092c\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u0921\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u092c\u0921\u094b\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e \u0938\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0917\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0921\u092e\u0927\u0940\u0932 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940, \u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0940.  \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u0947 \u0924\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0939\u0942 \u0936\u0915\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0939\u0940.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u0968\u0966 \u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0920\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940.  \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u092e\u091c\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0931\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091c\u093e\u0935\u0942\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0918\u0947\u0924\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.  \u0967\u096f\u0968\u096d \u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0921 \u092f\u0947\u0925\u093f\u0932 \u091a\u0935\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0933\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0918\u0947\u0924\u0932\u093e.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0932\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0918\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0917\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940.  \u0905\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0918 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 &#8211; \u0905\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0918\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u092e\u0947\u0926\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0933 \u0926\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0938\u0923\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e.   \u0906\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 &#8211; \u0924\u0947 \u0968\u0967 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0932\u0947.  \u0936\u0947\u0935\u091f\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0947\u092c\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u0947\u0924\u0932\u0940.  \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0918\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0917\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u0942\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0940.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u0941\u0923\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0967\u096f\u0969\u0966 \u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092a\u0947\u0902\u0921\u091f \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092b\u0947\u0921\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940.  \u0930\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0967\u096f\u096b\u096d \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0940.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u092f\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0935\u0942 \u0936\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0939\u0940. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092c\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0947\u092c\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0918\u0947\u0924\u0932\u093e.  \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0933\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0926 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0947\u0924\u0947.  \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0933\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092c\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0942 \u0936\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0947\u092c\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0932\u093e.  \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0933\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0908\u0932\u093e\u091c \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_1856_%E2%80%93_1895\"><\/span>Gopal Ganesh Agarkar &#8211; \u0917\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0933 \u0917\u0923\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0917\u0930\u0915\u0930 (1856 \u2013 1895)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0947\u092e\u0924\u0947\u092e \u0969\u096f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 (\u0969\u096e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0947 \u0967\u0967 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u096a \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938) \u0906\u092f\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0932\u0947 &#8211; \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0935\u0927\u0940\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u0920\u0947 \u0915\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0935\u0932\u0947 &#8211; \u0967\u096e\u096e\u0967 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 &#8211; \u091f\u093f\u0933\u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0926 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0967\u096e\u096e\u096e \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u0947 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947.  \u091f\u093f\u0933\u0915, \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0933\u0942\u0923\u0915\u0930 \u0907\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940\u0902\u092c\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932, \u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0938\u093e\u092f\u091f\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092b\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092b\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c \u0907\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0918\u0947\u0924\u0932\u093e.  &#8220;\u090f\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0938\u0931\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0920\u0930\u0935\u0923\u0947 \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u091c\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939.&#8221; \u0939\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u0939\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Module_4_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A5%AA_Socialism_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6\"><\/span><strong>Module 4 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u096a<br>Socialism &#8211; \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ram_Manohar_Lohia_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_1910_%E2%80%93_1967\"><\/span>Ram Manohar Lohia \u0930\u093e\u092e\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0939\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0940\u092f\u093e (1910 \u2013 1967)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u091a\u0933\u0935\u0933\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915 &#8211; \u0921\u0949. \u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0939\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0940\u092f\u093e &#8211; \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0933\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u0924\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0935\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0902\u0935\u0930 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0940\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u0941\u0933\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u0917\u0933\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e.  \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0947 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0932\u094b\u0939\u0940\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0945\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0924\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0921\u093e\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0930\u0923\u0940\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u091f\u093e\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947.  \u0967\u096f\u096a\u096e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u092e\u0927\u0942\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0947\u0930 \u092a\u0921\u0932\u0947.  \u0967\u096f\u096b\u0968 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0922\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e.  \u0967\u096f\u096c\u0969 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094b\u091f\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0921\u0923\u0941\u0915\u0940\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0926\u093e \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0938\u092d\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u093e.  \u0967\u096f\u096c\u096d \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0921\u0942\u0928 \u0906\u0932\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Marx, Gandhi and Socialism)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 &#8211; Wheel of History<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guilty Men of India&#8217;s Partition<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India, China and Northern frontiers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Struggle for civil liberties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nehru : A critical assessment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Foreign policy : pre-independence writings, post-independence writings, Asian socialism, World government, India and Pakistan<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Economics after Marx<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Will to power &#8211; collection of writings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interval during politics &#8211; language (non-political writings of Dr. Lohia.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0921\u0949. \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0940\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u0940 <em>Mankind<\/em> \u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0967\u096f\u096b\u096c \u0924\u0947 \u0967\u096f\u096c\u0968 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0967\u096f\u096c\u096c \u0924\u0947 \u0967\u096f\u096c\u096d \u0926\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928  \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0932\u0947.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Collected_works_of_Lohia.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Collected_works_of_Lohia.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-db855e5d-06df-42e2-9006-78832b9385c3\" href=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Collected_works_of_Lohia.pdf\">Collected_works_of_Lohia<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Collected_works_of_Lohia.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-db855e5d-06df-42e2-9006-78832b9385c3\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jawaharlal_Nehru_%E2%80%93_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82_1889_%E2%80%93_1964\"><\/span>Jawaharlal Nehru &#8211; \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942 (1889 \u2013 1964)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0902\u0921\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942, \u092e\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935, \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0922\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 &#8211; \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0905\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u0947 &#8211; \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0903\u0916 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 &#8211; \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u094d\u0939\u0923\u0923\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0940\u0936 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092f\u0941\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0935\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0924\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0917\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e &#8211; \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u091d\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 &#8211; \u092f\u0941\u0930\u094b\u092a \u0906\u0923\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0924 &#8211; \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940 \u0920\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.  \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0935\u0930\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092f\u093e, \u0917\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0911\u092b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0932\u093e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0935\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0940\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0940\u0938\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0939\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e.<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Paper 5 Political Thought \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930Semester 6 \u2013 Indian Political Thought &#8211; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 Module 1 &#8211; \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0967Ideas on State \u2013 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 Mahadev Govind Ranade &#8211; \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0917\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u093e\u0928\u0921\u0947 (1842 \u2013 1901) \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u092e\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 &#8211; \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0917\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u093e\u0928\u0921\u0947 &#8211; \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u091c\u0947\u0924 \u0939\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2921","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-indian-political-thought"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2921","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2921"}],"version-history":[{"count":44,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2921\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6545,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2921\/revisions\/6545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2921"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2921"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2921"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}