{"id":2627,"date":"2021-09-09T20:36:45","date_gmt":"2021-09-09T15:06:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627"},"modified":"2026-04-10T20:20:51","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T14:50:51","slug":"2021-22-fyba-semester-1-lectures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627","title":{"rendered":"FYBA &#8211; Semester 1 Video lectures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=10621\">Back to course page<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f49b73bab75\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: 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ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#Introductory_lecture\" >Introductory lecture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#Preamble\" >Preamble<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87\" >\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\" >\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A9\" >\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A7\" >\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0967<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\" >\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A9\" >\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87\" >\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0947<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6\" >\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\" >\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A9\" >\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B3\" >\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0933<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\" >\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0933 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80\" >\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0940<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A7\" >\u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0967<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\" >\u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE\" >\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=2627\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE\" >\u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0967 \u091a\u093e \u0906\u0922\u093e\u0935\u093e<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introductory_lecture\"><\/span>Introductory lecture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"FYBA Semester 1 Introductory lecture\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/h39YggKnCEs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Preamble\"><\/span>Preamble<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/t-Abt-umZGw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947 - \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0947 22 \u092d\u093e\u0917\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YI8iUSkMGOY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\"><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0923\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u092f\u0947\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HFGnc_lJzwg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A9\"><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/u42uYR-uAVY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A7\"><\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0967<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 - \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0967\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pYk9J3sEhro?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\"><\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 - \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968 - \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 (\u0967\u096a \u0924\u0947 \u0967\u096e)\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LfQmyOVArS8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A9\"><\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vJCZLA7FSmI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87\"><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0947<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0947 - Directive Principles of State Policy\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/05ojifXDI_o?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6\"><\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gbQubOpSeOg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\"><\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZqKUP_k8hr4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A9\"><\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 - \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0924\u0940\u0928\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/58hc9tbP3OA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B3\"><\/span>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0933<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Judicial System \u0928\u093c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0933\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Zn8kgN7acT4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\"><\/span>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0933 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u091f 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is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0940\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/klEyx0SmbSc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A7\"><\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0967<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0967\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vbmxblGu5ZE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8\"><\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928   \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wWKemN2eWW4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0923\u093f \u096d\u0969 \u0935 \u096d\u096a \u0935\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_d94In2dIpU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE\"><\/span>\u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0967 \u091a\u093e \u0906\u0922\u093e\u0935\u093e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Indian Political System - Indian Constitution - Semester 1 Paper 1 summary\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/W56FTGGDW2w?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=10621\">Back to Political Science course page<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drtktopecollege.in\/?p=10611\">Back to Bachelor of Arts courses page<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Back to course page Introductory lecture Preamble \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0967 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0927\u094b\u0930\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0969 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0933 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0933 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0967 \u092a\u0902\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0968 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f 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